Bases of a film photo
In the normal film camera light is reflected from object or a scene and transits through the transparent glass or plastic lenses which focus it on a thin floppy slice of plastic (film). The film is covered by a photosensitive emulsion layer of haloid of silver.
Light (photons) getting on a film leads to immediate chemical response which after chemical handling helps to show and fix the image on a film. Light differs on color and intensity that leads to almost identical duplication of a scene as a result of chemical response. Unique regulators of light in the normal film camera are a lock (metal either fabric a curtain or plates which open quickly and closed for time management of an exposure/exposure of a scene on a film) and a diaphragm (a hole with the changeable size, allowing to control an amount of light transiting through a lens).
Before shooting the photographer installs value of an exposure and the size of a diaphragm. The diaphragm is normally installed manually at bandlet rotation on a lens which in turn mechanically regulates lobes of the passing light. Certainly, today many cameras (both analog and digital) possess some intelligence allowing automatically select time of an exposure and the size of a diaphragm. But if we address to sources the modern film photo anyway is a variety of the chemical and mechanical process invented in 1830 by Luis Dagger and Fox Talbot.
Bases of a digital photo
In digital cameras process of obtaining of the image is much more detailed. But, as well as in film technology, principles and bases will be invariable the next years, irrespective of scale of growth of technologies.
In digital cameras the lens, but instead of image focusing on a film also is used, light gets on photosensitive cells of the semi-conductor chip named a sensor control (image sensor). The sensor control reacts to received photons that is fixed by the camera. Further the camera computing block analyzes the acquired information and defines necessary values of an exposure and focus, color (balance white), necessity of flashout etc. Then the sensor control captures the image and transfers it to chip ATSP (analog-to-digital converter) which analyzes analog electrical pulses and will transform them to a digital form (a flow of zero and units). Using additional computing power (cameras can contain some processors and other chips, including specialized processors and the host processor), the data transits later processing by means of special (depending on specific model/firm) algorithms and will be transformed to the image file which can be viewed.
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